Journal rankings · indicator year 2025
Choose a field to open its ranking, or a journal to find its row in its subfield’s list.
Domain ranking · 2025
Social Sciences journal rankings 2025
6,382 ranked journals · Domain
Social Sciences has 6,382 ranked journals in 2025. Its median journal scores above the world average: OJR 1.08 against 1.00, up 0.02 on 2024. A journal needs OJR 1.90 to reach Q1. The three highest-scoring journals with stable ranks are MMWR Supplements, International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, and International Journal of Information Management: each is likely ranked within the top 50.
Ranks and citation indicators: 2025. Journal access status and listed APC: source snapshot September 23, 2026.
Journals whose main subfield sits in this category and that published at least 30 citable documents (articles, reviews and conference papers) in 2022–2024, the window the 2025 score is computed on.
The OpenJournalRank Indicator (OJR) is a free, publicly available metric of a journal’s field-normalized citation impact, computed from open OpenAlex citation data. It compares citations to a journal’s papers from the previous three years with the world average for papers of the same subfield, year and type, so 1.00 is the world average and values can be compared across fields. It is computed with the NCI3 method.
The middle OJR among ranked journals in this category: half score higher, half lower. 1.00 is the world average for papers of the same subfield, year and type.
The dot is this category, the solid tick is the median of all ranked journals and the dashed line is the world average.
Share of ranked journals in this category that are fully open access, so every paper is free to read. Hybrid journals, which sell subscriptions and open single papers for a fee, are not counted.
Median list price of the article processing charge, in US dollars, among ranked journals in this category that list a price above zero. Journals with a listed APC of $0 and journals with no known price are left out of this median. The At a glance table below gives a second median that includes the $0 prices.
Fields in Social Sciences (6)
Up to All journals6,382 ranked journals
Filters
Rank is the position by OJR within the list on screen; 1 is the highest. The small range under it is the likely rank range: in 95% of 1,000 resamples of the journal’s papers, it ranked inside that range. Journals whose ranges overlap are not clearly different. | OJR is field-normalized 3-year citation impact: 1.00 is the world average for papers of the same subfield, year and type, so values compare across fields. The badge is the journal’s quartile in this list. | Citations per paper over a two-year window, counted from OpenAlex. It is not field-normalized, so compare it only between journals of the same field. ▲ or ▼ is the change from 2024. This is OpenJournalRank’s own count, not Clarivate’s Journal Impact Factor. | Citable documents (articles, reviews and conference papers) published in 2022–2024, the window the 2025 OJR is computed on. A journal needs at least 30 to be ranked. | Share of the journal’s 2022–2024 papers that are free to read in any open-access form. The green OA tag next to a title marks a fully open-access journal. | List price of the article processing charge in US dollars. “$0 listed” means the listed price is zero; a dash means no price is listed. | The line is the journal’s OJR from 2016 to 2025. A label compares the 2022→2025 change with the median change of the journal’s field or domain. Rising needs a relative change of +10% or more that is at least 2 standard errors above zero; Falling needs -9.1% or less (rounded), at least 2 standard errors below zero. Sorting uses that relative change. | Compare |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank 1; likely between #1 and #5,289 of 6,382QMiP BulletinBritish Psychological Society | 28.27Q1 | 1.72 43.85 down from 2024 | 46 | 31% | — | ||
Rank 2; likely between #1 and #21 of 6,382MMWR SupplementsOAUnited States | 14.36Q1 | 16.58 24.42 down from 2024 | 40 | — | — | ||
Rank 3; likely between #1 and #9 of 6,382International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher EducationOASpringer Nature · Switzerland | 13.92Q1 | 55.27 25.29 up from 2024 | 188 | 100% | $0 listed | Rising vs field, 2022–25 | |
Rank 4; likely between #1 and #25 of 6,382International Journal of Information ManagementElsevier BV · Netherlands | 12.22Q1 | 29.79 2.70 down from 2024 | 218 | 36% | $3,990 | ||
Rank 5; likely between #3 and #40 of 6,382Academy of Management AnnalsRoutledge · United States | 9.73Q1 | 15.00 1.05 down from 2024 | 64 | 46% | — | ||
Rank 6; likely between #3 and #57 of 6,382International SecurityThe MIT Press · United States | 9.54Q1 | 5.71 2.48 down from 2024 | 69 | 58% | — | ||
Rank 7; likely between #2 and #176 of 6,382RELC JournalSAGE Publishing · United Kingdom | 9.35Q1 | 9.36 0.49 down from 2024 | 161 | 31% | $3,650 | ||
Rank 8; likely between #6 and #26 of 6,382Tourism ManagementElsevier BV · Netherlands | 9.29Q1 | 15.76 0.18 up from 2024 | 449 | 31% | $4,690 | ||
Rank 9; likely between #3 and #108 of 6,382Educational PsychologistRoutledge · United States | 9.07Q1 | 12.31 3.07 down from 2024 | 56 | 36% | — | ||
Rank 10; likely between #1 and #3,498 of 6,382American Journal of Qualitative ResearchOAUnited States | 8.84Q1 | 2.35 18.54 down from 2024 | 135 | 100% | — | ||
Rank 11; likely between #9 and #33 of 6,382Journal of Innovation & KnowledgeOAElsevier BV · Spain | 8.81Q1 | 17.08 4.38 down from 2024 | 474 | 100% | $2,200 | ||
Rank 12; likely between #4 and #65 of 6,382The Internet and Higher EducationElsevier BV · United States | 8.78Q1 | 13.39 2.83 up from 2024 | 63 | 41% | $4,120 | ||
Rank 13; likely between #5 and #84 of 6,382The Quarterly Journal of EconomicsOxford University Press · United States | 8.67Q1 | 15.16 5.49 up from 2024 | 143 | 40% | $7,619 | ||
Rank 14; likely between #2 and #295 of 6,382European Finance ReviewOxford University Press · Netherlands | 8.64Q1 | 7.91 2.36 down from 2024 | 155 | 50% | $5,071 | Rising vs field, 2022–25 | |
Rank 15; likely between #7 and #51 of 6,382Government Information QuarterlyElsevier BV · United States | 8.63Q1 | 13.22 0.80 up from 2024 | 210 | 63% | $4,360 | ||
Rank 16; likely between #4 and #128 of 6,382Journal of Financial EconomicsElsevier BV · Netherlands | 8.62Q1 | 9.42 3.72 down from 2024 | 289 | 40% | $4,740 | ||
Rank 17; likely between #3 and #97 of 6,382American Economic ReviewAmerican Economic Association · United States | 8.60Q1 | 9.28 3.41 down from 2024 | 325 | 16% | — | ||
Rank 18; likely between #5 and #129 of 6,382Contemporary Security PolicyTaylor & Francis · United Kingdom | 8.34Q1 | 5.83 1.40 down from 2024 | 88 | 70% | — | ||
Rank 19; likely between #8 and #62 of 6,382West European PoliticsTaylor & Francis · United Kingdom | 8.33Q1 | 5.90 0.50 up from 2024 | 210 | 80% | — | ||
Rank 20; likely between #8 and #77 of 6,382Innovation and Green DevelopmentOAElsevier BV | 8.08Q1 | 17.79 0.68 down from 2024 | 118 | 100% | $1,900 | ||
Rank 21; likely between #6 and #119 of 6,382Journal of Interactive AdvertisingTaylor & Francis · United States | 8.02Q1 | 11.89 2.02 up from 2024 | 72 | 34% | — | ||
Rank 22; likely between #4 and #252 of 6,382Accounting in EuropeRoutledge · United Kingdom | 8.01Q1 | 9.50 3.41 up from 2024 | 54 | 35% | — | ||
Rank 23; likely between #19 and #43 of 6,382Journal of Retailing and Consumer ServicesElsevier BV · United Kingdom | 7.93Q1 | 16.09 0.13 down from 2024 | 1,143 | 26% | $4,510 | Rising vs field, 2022–25 | |
Rank 24; likely between #6 and #144 of 6,382Journal of Accounting ResearchWiley · United Kingdom | 7.91Q1 | 10.67 3.71 up from 2024 | 128 | 63% | $4,420 | Rising vs field, 2022–25 | |
Rank 25; likely between #10 and #87 of 6,382American Journal of Political ScienceWiley · United States | 7.88Q1 | 5.38 2.58 down from 2024 | 236 | 81% | $4,100 | ||
Rank 26; likely between #15 and #59 of 6,382Journal of Destination Marketing & ManagementElsevier BV · Netherlands | 7.82Q1 | 9.28 0.76 down from 2024 | 185 | 39% | $4,320 | ||
Rank 27; likely between #8 and #109 of 6,382The Journal of Economic PerspectivesOAAmerican Economic Association · United States | 7.80Q1 | 11.06 0.71 up from 2024 | 134 | 100% | — | ||
Rank 28; likely between #6 and #122 of 6,382The Lancet Public HealthOAElsevier BV · United Kingdom | 7.75Q1 | 16.90 0.99 up from 2024 | 439 | 100% | $6,680 | ||
Rank 29; likely between #20 and #51 of 6,382Business Strategy and the EnvironmentWiley · United Kingdom | 7.71Q1 | 14.99 1.60 down from 2024 | 1,106 | 70% | $4,480 | Rising vs field, 2022–25 | |
Rank 30; likely between #17 and #69 of 6,382American Political Science ReviewCambridge University Press · United States | 7.68Q1 | 6.27 0.33 down from 2024 | 399 | 90% | $3,550 | ||
Rank 31; likely between #4 and #290 of 6,382Annual Review of Applied LinguisticsCambridge University Press · United Kingdom | 7.67Q1 | 9.19 3.83 up from 2024 | 48 | 72% | $3,550 | ||
Rank 32; likely between #4 and #276 of 6,382Journal of English-Medium InstructionJohn Benjamins Publishing Company · Netherlands | 7.62Q1 | 1.70 0.72 down from 2024 | 38 | 27% | — | ||
Rank 33; likely between #17 and #76 of 6,382Journal of European Public PolicyRoutledge · United Kingdom | 7.53Q1 | 6.99 1.12 up from 2024 | 403 | 84% | — | ||
Rank 34; likely between #13 and #114 of 6,382Computer Assisted Language LearningRoutledge · United Kingdom | 7.52Q1 | 9.62 0.75 up from 2024 | 197 | 16% | — | Rising vs field, 2022–25 | |
Rank 35; likely between #13 and #89 of 6,382Journal of Business VenturingElsevier BV · Netherlands | 7.50Q1 | 8.86 2.06 down from 2024 | 139 | 75% | $4,130 | ||
Rank 36; likely between #6 and #180 of 6,382Personality and Social Psychology ReviewSAGE Publishing · United States | 7.50Q1 | 16.81 4.44 up from 2024 | 50 | 64% | $3,900 | ||
Rank 37; likely between #28 and #54 of 6,382Technological Forecasting and Social ChangeElsevier BV · United States | 7.46Q1 | 16.05 0.37 down from 2024 | 2,121 | 44% | $3,490 | Rising vs field, 2022–25 | |
Rank 38; likely between #9 and #144 of 6,382World PsychiatryWiley · Italy | 7.42Q1 | 16.85 1.23 up from 2024 | 341 | 97% | — | ||
Rank 39; likely between #15 and #119 of 6,382Human Resource ManagementWiley · United States | 7.33Q1 | 10.08 1.51 down from 2024 | 152 | 60% | $4,150 | Rising vs field, 2022–25 | |
Rank 40; likely between #27 and #63 of 6,382International Review of Financial AnalysisElsevier BV · United States | 7.32Q1 | 11.28 0.22 down from 2024 | 1,637 | 18% | $3,770 | ||
Rank 41; likely between #16 and #103 of 6,382Progress in Human GeographySAGE Publishing · United Kingdom | 7.27Q1 | 8.37 0.87 up from 2024 | 166 | 82% | $3,900 | ||
Rank 42; likely between #14 and #131 of 6,382New Technology Work and EmploymentWiley · United Kingdom | 7.25Q1 | 6.27 2.33 down from 2024 | 84 | 79% | $3,980 | ||
Rank 43; likely between #8 and #208 of 6,382Assessing WritingElsevier BV · United States | 7.18Q1 | 8.76 0.81 up from 2024 | 170 | 34% | $3,330 | Rising vs field, 2022–25 | |
Rank 44; likely between #25 and #85 of 6,382SystemElsevier BV · United Kingdom | 7.11Q1 | 9.21 2.17 up from 2024 | 584 | 36% | $3,980 | ||
Rank 45; likely between #23 and #115 of 6,382Supply Chain Management An International JournalEmerald Publishing Limited · United Kingdom | 6.93Q1 | 12.34 2.04 up from 2024 | 130 | 32% | — | ||
Rank 46; likely between #12 and #154 of 6,382Academy of Management JournalAcademy of Management · United States | 6.90Q1 | 12.20 2.97 up from 2024 | 153 | 17% | — | ||
Rank 47; likely between #14 and #194 of 6,382Computers and Education OpenOAElsevier BV · United Kingdom | 6.89Q1 | 17.80 6.69 up from 2024 | 164 | 100% | $1,390 | ||
Rank 48; likely between #6 and #668 of 6,382Action Criticism and Theory for Music EducationOAMayDay Group · United States | 6.86Q1 | 1.90 1.47 up from 2024 | 42 | 100% | — | ||
Rank 49; likely between #18 and #161 of 6,382Policy and SocietyOAElsevier BV · United Kingdom | 6.82Q1 | 7.01 1.15 down from 2024 | 118 | 100% | $1,634 | ||
Rank 50; likely between #44 and #81 of 6,382Journal of Business ResearchElsevier BV · United States | 6.78Q1 | 13.04 0.35 up from 2024 | 2,192 | 45% | $4,440 |
301 Social Sciences journals are labelled rising: their OJR moved up between 2022 and 2025 clearly faster than the median journal of their field or domain.
A journal is rising when its OJR grew from 2022 to 2025 faster than the median journal of its field (or domain, when the field is small), by two tests: the relative change is +10% or more, and it is at least 2 standard errors above zero. So the range of the change at 2 standard errors stays above zero, though not necessarily above +10%.
The bar is that range on a ratio scale; the shaded band, -9.1% to +10%, holds changes too small for a label. The list is ordered by the low end of the range, so the surest rises come first.
- 1Environmental Policy and LawLaw+303% vs groupOJR 0.20 → 0.77range +140% to +577%
- 2Acta PsychologicaOAClinical Psychology+155% vs groupOJR 0.87 → 2.24range +115% to +203%
- 3Landscape Architecture FrontiersOASociology and Political Science+196% vs groupOJR 0.20 → 0.56range +110% to +318%
- 4Global Business and Organizational ExcellenceOrganizational Behavior and Human Resource Management+204% vs groupOJR 1.56 → 4.80range +97% to +370%
- 5Disability Studies QuarterlyOASociology and Political Science+269% vs groupOJR 0.52 → 1.82range +80% to +656%
- 6Journal of Comparative & International Higher EducationEducation+162% vs groupOJR 0.36 → 0.90range +79% to +284%
- 7M/C JournalOASociology and Political Science+198% vs groupOJR 0.32 → 0.90range +75% to +407%
- 8International Journal of Computer Trends and TechnologyManagement Information Systems+198% vs groupOJR 0.17 → 0.50range +75% to +408%
- 9Oxford Economic PapersEconomics and Econometrics+136% vs groupOJR 0.89 → 2.00range +66% to +235%
- 10European SecurityPolitical Science and International Relations+155% vs groupOJR 2.39 → 5.75range +66% to +292%
- 11PoLAR Political and Legal Anthropology ReviewSociology and Political Science+221% vs groupOJR 0.36 → 1.08range +66% to +521%
- 12Development in Learning Organizations An International JournalOrganizational Behavior and Human Resource Management+157% vs groupOJR 0.34 → 0.87range +65% to +298%
- 13Journal of Higher Education Theory and PracticeEducation+107% vs groupOJR 0.31 → 0.60range +63% to +165%
- 14Personnel PsychologyOrganizational Behavior and Human Resource Management+138% vs groupOJR 1.84 → 4.41range +62% to +250%
- 15Therapeutic Innovation & Regulatory ScienceEconomics and Econometrics+104% vs groupOJR 0.59 → 1.16range +61% to +158%
- 16Conflict and HealthOAClinical Psychology+108% vs groupOJR 1.58 → 3.30range +61% to +169%
- 17Review of Policy ResearchPolitical Science and International Relations+128% vs groupOJR 1.27 → 2.74range +60% to +225%
- 18Politische VierteljahresschriftPolitical Science and International Relations+173% vs groupOJR 0.88 → 2.26range +59% to +370%
- 19Asian journal of social scienceSociology and Political Science+176% vs groupOJR 0.41 → 1.08range +57% to +387%
- 20JAMA Health ForumOAEconomics and Econometrics+95% vs groupOJR 1.26 → 2.33range +54% to +146%
No-label zone, -9.1% to +10%Group median changeBar scale -88% to +737% (ratio scale)
325 Social Sciences journals are labelled falling: their OJR moved between 2022 and 2025 clearly behind the median journal of their field or domain.
A journal is falling when its OJR changed from 2022 to 2025 by less than the median journal of its field (or domain, when the field is small), by two tests: the relative change is -9.1% or less (rounded), and it is at least 2 standard errors below zero. So the range of the change at 2 standard errors stays below zero, though not necessarily below -9.1%.
The bar is that range on a ratio scale; the shaded band, -9.1% to +10%, holds changes too small for a label. The list is ordered by the high end of the range, so the surest falls come first.
- 1Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas)OAClinical Psychology-84% vs groupOJR 2.67 → 0.42range -92% to -70%
- 2Business EconomicsEconomics and Econometrics-83% vs groupOJR 1.25 → 0.20range -92% to -63%
- 3Distance EducationEducation-75% vs groupOJR 7.06 → 1.70range -83% to -62%
- 4Psychiatria DanubinaOAClinical Psychology-71% vs groupOJR 1.25 → 0.37range -79% to -59%
- 5Journal of Interdisciplinary MathematicsManagement Science and Operations Research-68% vs groupOJR 0.59 → 0.18range -77% to -56%
- 6Oxford Review of Economic PolicyEconomics and Econometrics-69% vs groupOJR 5.18 → 1.54range -80% to -52%
- 7Asia Pacific Journal of Public HealthClinical Psychology-61% vs groupOJR 0.86 → 0.34range -69% to -50%
- 8Medico-Legal JournalClinical Psychology-68% vs groupOJR 0.90 → 0.29range -80% to -50%
- 9Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy SystemsManagement Science and Operations Research-53% vs groupOJR 0.76 → 0.35range -57% to -50%
- 10American Journal of Health BehaviorClinical Psychology-61% vs groupOJR 1.01 → 0.39range -71% to -49%
- 11Turkish Online Journal of Distance EducationOAEducation-65% vs groupOJR 3.36 → 1.10range -77% to -49%
- 12International Journal of Mental Health and AddictionClinical Psychology-65% vs groupOJR 3.83 → 1.35range -77% to -48%
- 13Journal of CompetitivenessOAStrategy and Management-60% vs groupOJR 4.28 → 1.72range -70% to -47%
- 14English Language TeachingOAEducation-61% vs groupOJR 1.89 → 0.70range -71% to -47%
- 15Brazilian Business ReviewOAInformation Systems and Management-63% vs groupOJR 1.21 → 0.43range -75% to -47%
- 16Journal of global entrepreneurship researchManagement of Technology and Innovation-63% vs groupOJR 4.25 → 1.58range -75% to -47%
- 17AEA Papers and ProceedingsEconomics and Econometrics-69% vs groupOJR 3.36 → 1.00range -82% to -47%
- 18Investigaciones FeministasOAGender Studies-66% vs groupOJR 0.83 → 0.26range -79% to -46%
- 19Journal of Entrepreneurship and Sustainability IssuesOAEconomics and Econometrics-56% vs groupOJR 1.73 → 0.73range -64% to -45%
- 20The Journal of AsiaTEFLOAEducation-62% vs groupOJR 1.00 → 0.36range -74% to -44%
No-label zone, -9.1% to +10%Group median changeBar scale -92% to +1,100% (ratio scale)
Fields of Social Sciences, compared.
- Social Sciences3,066
- Psychology1,032
- Economics, Econometrics and Finance853
- Business, Management and Accounting711
- Arts and Humanities536
- Decision Sciences184
Journals
The endpoints below each rank show its likely range. How rank ranges are calculated
Citations made in 2025. Corpus-wide, 84.3% of core-journal articles and reviews published that year have at least one matched reference; the share varies by journal and field.
1,087 additional Social Sciences journals with metrics are unranked under this release’s eligibility rules: a journal needs at least 30 citable documents in 2022–2024, at least 80% of them with a subfield, and a positive world-average expectation. Ranks are within the whole category; filters hide rows without re-ranking. OJR excludes self-citations.
At a glance
Indicator year: 2025. Publication window: 2022–2024. How these summaries are calculated
- Ranked journals
- 6,382
- Window papers (baseline)
- 4,426,831 +10.4% from indicator year 2022
- Median OJR
- 1.08 +1.5% from indicator year 2022
- Rising journals (2025)
- 301
Window papers are the baseline paper population: citable papers (articles, reviews and conference papers) from 2022–2024 in all journals of the world-average baseline, including non-core journals, counted by each paper’s own subfield. They are not the papers of the ranked journals alone.
| Measure | Year series | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ranked journals | 2,933 | 3,074 | 3,257 | 3,421 | 3,551 | 3,684 | 3,847 | 4,034 | 4,222 | 4,411 | 4,638 | 4,858 | 5,103 | 5,326 | 5,550 | 5,769 | 5,975 | 6,155 | 6,251 | 6,310 | 6,367 | 6,458 | 6,516 | 6,519 | 6,456 | 6,382 | |
| Window papers (baseline) | 973,082 | 1,101,576 | 1,187,966 | 1,289,835 | 1,324,068 | 1,431,668 | 1,541,994 | 1,678,086 | 1,825,065 | 1,985,403 | 2,148,912 | 2,303,999 | 2,468,040 | 2,603,480 | 2,734,303 | 2,869,634 | 3,018,278 | 3,128,445 | 3,209,329 | 3,319,936 | 3,489,326 | 3,755,807 | 4,010,665 | 4,149,019 | 4,247,103 | 4,426,831 | |
| Median OJR | 0.81 | 0.86 | 0.88 | 0.92 | 0.96 | 1.0001 | 1.063 | 1.14 | 1.196 | 1.22 | 1.242 | 1.25 | 1.26 | 1.241 | 1.236 | 1.204 | 1.179 | 1.181 | 1.165 | 1.183 | 1.158 | 1.09 | 1.067 | 1.057 | 1.065 | 1.08 |
| Measure | Category statistic | Eligible population |
|---|---|---|
| Journal self-citation share | Median: 4.6% | 4,027 journals |
| Retracted papers per 1,000 | Pooled rate: 1.605 per 1,000 | 3,404 journals |
| Output growth | Median: -2.2% | 5,924 journals |
| Open access share | Median: 56.3% | 6,382 journals |
| Listed APC (USD) | Median including $0 listed prices: $3,390 | 2,626 ranked journals with a known listed price, including $0 listed prices |
| International collaboration share | Median: 20.9% | 5,817 journals |
| Review share | Median: 0.0% | 6,382 journals |
| Articles-only OJR | Median: 1.12 | 6,330 journals |
| Uncited share | Median: 42.6% | 6,382 journals |
| Citation concentration | Median: 49.1% | 6,369 journals |
How to read these rankings
- OJR, the OpenJournalRank Indicator
- A field-normalized 3-year citation impact, computed from OpenAlex with the NCI3 method. It divides the citations a journal’s papers received by the world average for papers of the same subfield, year and type, so 1.00 is the world average and 2.00 means twice as many citations as expected. Because it is normalized, it can be compared across fields. Read the methodology
- Quartiles
- Q1 to Q4 split the ranked journals of the list you are viewing into four equal groups by OJR. A journal’s quartile depends on the list: the same journal can be Q1 in its subfield and Q2 among all journals.
- Impact factor (2-year)
- Citations per paper over a two-year window, counted from OpenAlex. It is easy to compare with familiar impact factors but is not field-normalized, so compare it only within a field. It is not Clarivate’s Journal Impact Factor. Why it differs from the Journal Impact Factor
- Rank ranges
- Each rank in the latest year carries a likely range from 1,000 resamples of the journal’s papers. Where two journals’ ranges overlap, the data cannot tell them apart, so treat neighbouring ranks as ties.